We are often asked if we utilize positive reinforcement techniques, and the answer is emphatically yes. However, we delve much deeper than just one quadrant of learning, as true breakthroughs can occur both inside and outside the conventional framework. Let’s begin with the fundamentals.
Positive reinforcement is a component of a learning theory known as Operant Conditioning. Operant Conditioning comprises positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment, which together form what is known as a quadrant. Here are basic definitions for each quadrant:
Positive Reinforcement: Introducing a positive stimulus or reward to encourage a desired behavior.
Negative Reinforcement: Eliminating or preventing a negative stimulus or consequence.
Positive Punishment: Applying an adverse stimulus or consequence following an undesired behavior.
Negative Punishment: Withdrawing or withholding a desirable stimulus or consequence in reaction to an undesired behavior.
Most people, whether intentionally or not, apply all four quadrants. For example, giving a dog a treat for obeying a command or removing an object the dog is chewing on. We are adding or taking away something based on the dog’s actions, hoping that with sufficient repetitions and proper sequencing, learning will take place.
This can segue into another learning theory, classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes linked with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a comparable response. Marker training, such as using a clicker, is an excellent illustration of classical conditioning. Initially, the clicker is meaningless to a dog, but when associated with food, the dog begins to connect the clicker with food, and the body/brain responds accordingly. Classical conditioning can produce enduring effects as the body reacts to the stimuli.
Both learning styles are beneficial for dog training, particularly if you understand when and how to implement them. However, focusing on and applying only one aspect of the learning theories will severely limit your long-term achievements with your dog. Therefore, before succumbing to the dichotomy of good and bad, ensure you comprehend the definitions and their interplay. This understanding will not only help you grasp the overall approach to working with your dog but also keep you significantly ahead of any canine issues. And of course, it’s enjoyable to work with a cooperative participant, especially when a cookie is involved.
